Other theories suggest the Persian word Maq'ad-i-Shāh ( مقعد شاه), which means 'the seat of the Shah'. The origins of the name Mogadishu (Muqdisho) has many theories but it is most likely derived from a morphology of the Somali words 'Muuq' and 'Disho' which literally means 'Sight Killer' or 'Blinder' possibly referring to the city's blinding beauty. This was followed by independence in 1960, the Hantiwadaag (socialist) era during Barre's presidency (1969–1991), a three-decade civil war afterward, and as of the late 2010s and 2020s a period of reconstruction. The onset of Italian colonialism occurred in incremental stages, with Italian treaties signed in the 1880s followed by economic engagement between various Somali clans and the Italian Benadir Company and then direct governance by the Italian government after 1906 and the British Military Administration of Somalia after World War Two and the UN Italian Trust Territory in the 1950s.

In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the Hiraab Imamate and in the 19th century came under the Geledi Sultanate's sphere of influence. Mogadishu enjoyed the height of its prosperity during the 14th and 15th centuries and was during the early modern period considered the wealthiest city on the East African coast, as well as the center of a thriving textile industry. Mogadishu has a long history, which ranges from the ancient period up until the present, serving as the capital of the influential Sultanate of Mogadishu in the 9th-13th century, which for many centuries controlled the Indian Ocean gold trade, and eventually came under the Ajuran Empire in the 13th century which was an important player in the medieval Silk Road maritime trade. Mogadishu is located in the coastal Banadir region on the Indian Ocean, which unlike other Somali regions, is considered a municipality rather than a maamul goboleed (federal state). The city has served as an important port connecting with traders all round the Indian Ocean for millennia and has an estimated population of 2,388,000 (2021). Mogadishu ( / ˌ m ɒ ɡ ə ˈ d iː ʃ uː, - ˈ d ɪ ʃ-/, also US: / ˌ m oʊ ɡ-, ˌ m ɔː ɡ-/ Somali: Muqdisho or Xamar Somali pronunciation: Arabic: مقديشو‎, romanized: Muqadīshū Arabic pronunciation: Italian: Mogadiscio Italian pronunciation: ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital city and most populous city of Somalia.

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